高考英语常用语法图解
一.名词
I. 名词的种类:
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专有名词 |
普通名词 |
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国名地名人名,团体机构名称 |
可数名词 |
不可数名词 |
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个体名词 |
集体名词 |
抽象名词 |
物质名词 |
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II. 名词的数:
1. 规则名词的复数形式:
名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:
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规则 |
例词 |
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1 |
一般情况在词尾加-s |
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days |
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2 |
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es |
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes |
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3 |
以-f或-fe结尾的词 |
变-f和-fe为v再加-es |
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives |
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加-s |
belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs |
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4 |
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es |
party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities |
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5 |
以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s |
toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys |
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6 |
以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 |
一般加-es |
hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes |
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不少外来词加-s |
piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos |
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两者皆可 |
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos |
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7 |
以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s |
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos |
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8 |
以-th结尾的名词加-s |
truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, |
2. 不规则名词复数:
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:
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规则 |
例词 |
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1 |
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 |
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice |
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2 |
单复数相同 |
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, |
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3 |
只有复数形式 |
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents |
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4 |
一些集体名词总是用作复数 |
people, police, cattle, staff |
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5 |
部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) |
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party |
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6 |
复数形式表示特别含义 |
customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) |
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7 |
表示“某国人” |
加-s |
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans |
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单复数同形 |
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese |
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以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women |
Englishmen, Frenchwomen |
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8 |
合成名词 |
将主体名词变为复数 |
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends |
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无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 |
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches |
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将两部分变为复数 |
women singers, men servants |
III. 名词的所有格:
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. ’s所有格的构成:
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单数名词在末尾加’s |
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, |
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复数名词 |
一般在末尾加’ |
the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, |
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不规则复数名词后加’s |
the children’s toys, women’s rights, |
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以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ |
Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house |
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表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s |
Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes |
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表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s |
Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father |
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表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略 |
the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s |
2. ’s所有格的用法:
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1 |
表示时间 |
today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday |
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2 |
表示自然现象 |
the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches |
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3 |
表示国家城市等地方的名词 |
the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry |
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4 |
表示工作群体 |
the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory |
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5 |
表示度量衡及价值 |
a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples |
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6 |
与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 |
the life’s time, the play’s plot |
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7 |
某些固定词组 |
a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) |
3. of所有格的用法:
用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed
二.冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
I. 不定冠词的用法:
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1 |
指一类人或事,相当于a kind of |
A plane is a machine that can fly. |
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2 |
第一次提及某人某物,非特指 |
A boy is waiting for you. |
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3 |
表示“每一”相当于every,one |
We study eight hours a day. |
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4 |
表示“相同”相当于the same |
We are nearly of an age. |
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5 |
用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 |
A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out
That boy is rather a Lei Feng. |
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6 |
用于固定词组中 |
A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time |
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7 |
用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 |
This room is rather a big one. |
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8 |
用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 |
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. |
II. 定冠词的用法:
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1 |
表示某一类人或物 |
The horse is a useful animal. |
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2 |
用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 |
the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean |
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3 |
表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 |
Would you mind opening the door? |
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4 |
用于乐器前面 |
play the violin, play the guitar |
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5 |
用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 |
the reach, the living, the wounded |
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6 |
表示“一家人”或“夫妇” |
the Greens, the Wangs |
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7 |
用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 |
He is the taller of the two children. |
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8 |
用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前 |
the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French |
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9 |
用于表示发明物的单数名词前 |
The compass was invented in China. |
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10 |
在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代 |
in the 1990’s |
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11 |
用于表示单位的名词前 |
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